What does the acronym GDPR stand for?
Answer : General Data Protection Regulation
GDPR stands for General Data Protection Regulation. It is the European text that governs the collection and use of personal data.
Questions and answers: Ethics & Digital Society
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What is fake news?
Answer : False or misleading information spread as if it were true
False information spreads quickly online. Before sharing content, it is best to check its source and compare it with other media.
What is a cookie, in a web browser?
Answer : A small data file placed by a site in the user's browser
A cookie is used, for example, to remember a session, a shopping cart or preferences. Tracking cookies, for their part, generally require the user's consent.
Which of the following is personal data within the meaning of the GDPR?
Answer : The first and last name of an identifiable person
Personal data is any information relating to an identified or identifiable person. A name, an email address or a phone number are part of it.
What is the digital divide?
Answer : Inequalities in access to and mastery of digital technology between people or territories
The digital divide affects areas poorly covered by broadband, but also people who lack the skills to use online services.
What does two-factor authentication add to an online account?
Answer : A second verification factor, in addition to the password, to log in
Even if the password is stolen, an attacker cannot log in without the second factor, for example a code received on the phone.
Which GDPR right allows you to request the deletion of your personal data?
Answer : The right to erasure
The right to erasure allows you to have your data deleted in certain cases, for example when it is no longer needed. The right to rectification, for its part, corrects inaccurate data.
Which of these actions is part of digital sobriety?
Answer : Extending the lifespan of one's devices, repairing them if possible
Digital sobriety means using digital tools as sparingly as possible: manufacturing less hardware, keeping it for longer and limiting unnecessary uses.
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What is a deepfake?
Answer : An audio, image or video content falsified by AI to imitate a real person
A deepfake can make a real person say or do things they never said or did, hence the risks of disinformation.
What is algorithmic bias?
Answer : A systematic error that disadvantages certain groups, often because the data is not representative
Bias can come from the data, the choice of variables or the design of the model. It is detected by comparing results between groups of people.
Which French authority enforces the GDPR and protects personal data?
Answer : The CNIL (French data protection authority)
The Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés enforces the GDPR in France and can impose penalties. The ARCEP regulates telecoms, and the ANSSI handles cybersecurity.
In what year did the GDPR become applicable in the European Union?
Answer : 2018
Adopted in 2016, the GDPR has applied across the European Union since 25 May 2018, after a two-year transition period.
Which GDPR principle requires collecting only the data necessary for the purpose pursued?
Answer : Data minimization
The data minimization principle limits collection to the data truly useful for the service. Less data collected also means fewer risks in case of a leak.
What does the principle of transparency require for an AI system that interacts with people?
Answer : Informing people that they are interacting with an AI
The principle requires that it be clearly indicated when a person is talking to an AI, so that they know who they are dealing with and can take that into account.
What is meant by the environmental footprint of digital technology?
Answer : The impacts of digital technology on the environment, from device manufacturing to end of life
Data centers, networks and devices consume energy and resources, and produce electronic waste. These impacts make up the footprint.
What type of European legal act is the AI Act?
Answer : A regulation, directly applicable in all Member States
The AI Act is an EU regulation, adopted in 2024. Unlike a directive, it applies directly in every Member State, without national transposition.
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